부정: 안

목표 (Mục Tiêu / Learning Objectives)

After this lesson, you will:

• Understand 안 as a negation marker meaning "don't/won't" (by choice)
• Use 안 + verb to express refusal or choice
• Distinguish 안 from 못 (which you'll learn in Lesson 1-8)

Tiếng Việt So Sánh (Vietnamese Comparison)

Vietnamese: Negation particle 'không'

• Tôi không đi. (I don't go.) — simple negation

Korean: Two types of negation

• 나는 안 간다. (I won't go / I choose not to go.) — 안 (choice/refusal)
• 나는 못 간다. (I can't go / I'm unable to go.) — 못 (inability)

This distinction is critical for Grade 10 exams. Many Vietnamese learners confuse them.

Khái Niệm (The Concept)

안 is placed between the subject and the verb to negate:

• 안 + verb = I don't / I won't / I refuse to

The negation implies choice, refusal, or determination not to do something.

Cấu Trúc (Structure)

Basic pattern:

Subject + 안 + Verb (conjugated)

나는 밥을 안 먹어요.
I don't eat rice. (I choose not to)

Subject + Particle + Object + 안 + Verb

나 = I
는 = topic particle
밥을 = rice (object marker)
안 = negation (choice/refusal)
먹어요 = eat (casual polite)

Quy Tắc (Rules)

Rule 1: 안 comes before the conjugated verb

안 + -어요 → 안 먹어요
안 + -습니다 → 안 먹습니다
안 + -다 → 안 먹다

Rule 2: The verb still must be conjugated

나는 밥을 안 먹어요. ✓ (verb is conjugated)
나는 밥을 안 먹다. ✗ (dictionary form, not proper speech)

Rule 3: 안 can negate any action verb

안 가다 = not go (choice)
안 하다 = not do (choice)
안 읽다 = not read (choice)

예제 (Examples)

Example 1: Simple negation with choice

나는 학교에 안 가요.
(I'm not going to school.) [by choice: I refuse to go]

나 = I
는 = topic marker
학교에 = to school
안 = negation (my choice)
가요 = go

Example 2: Negating an object action

나는 밥을 안 먹어요.
(I don't eat rice.) [by choice: I refuse to eat it]

밥 = rice
을 = object marker
안 = negation
먹어요 = eat

Example 3: Multiple negations in context

나는 한국어를 안 말해요.
(I don't speak Korean.) [by choice, not because I can't]

반대로:
나는 한국어를 못 말해요.
(I can't speak Korean.) [because I don't have the ability]

Example 4: Formal polite with 안

나는 학교에 안 갑니다.
(I am not going to school.) [formal, exam-style]

흔한 실수 (Common Errors for Vietnamese Learners)

❌ Mistake 1: Placing 안 after the verb

• WRONG: 나는 먹어요 안. (word order is wrong)
• CORRECT: 나는 안 먹어요. (안 comes before conjugated verb)

❌ Mistake 2: Using 안 with dictionary form verb

• WRONG: 나는 안 먹다. (in actual speech, sounds odd)
• CORRECT: 나는 안 먹어요. (proper conjugation)

❌ Mistake 3: Confusing 안 with 못 (ability negation)

• WRONG: 나는 학교에 안 갔어요 (누군가 나를 막았다면)
• This sentence implies choice, not inability
• If you mean inability (car broke, sick): 나는 학교에 못 갔어요.

어휘 (Vocabulary)

Mẫu Câu (Sentence Patterns)

Pattern 1: Simple negation

Subject + 는 + 안 + Verb (-어요/-아요)

나는 안 간다. (I don't go.)

Pattern 2: With object

Subject + 는 + Object + 을/를 + 안 + Verb

나는 밥을 안 먹어요. (I don't eat rice.)

Pattern 3: With location

Subject + 는 + Location + 에 + 안 + Verb

나는 학교에 안 가요. (I don't go to school.)

퀴즈 (Quiz)

요약 (Summary)

안 is used to negate actions when you choose not to do something or refuse:

• 나는 안 간다 = I (choose not to go / I refuse to go)
• 나는 밥을 안 먹어요 = I (choose not to eat rice)

Position: 안 comes directly before the conjugated verb

Next lesson: We'll learn 못, which is the opposite of 안—negation by inability, not choice.