주어 표시 하는 입자: 이/가

목표 (Mục Tiêu / Learning Objectives)

After this lesson, you will:

• Understand that Korean uses particles (입자) to show grammatical relationships
• Recognize the subject marker 이/가 in Korean sentences
• Use 이/가 correctly in simple Korean sentences

Khác Biệt với Tiếng Việt (How Korean Differs from Vietnamese)

Vietnamese: Word order shows relationships

• Tôi đi học. (I go study.) — Subject comes first by position

Korean: Particles show relationships

• 나가 학교에 가요. (I go to school.) — The particle 가 marks "I" as the subject, even if word order changes

This is a critical difference for Vietnamese learners. In Korean, the particle does the job, not word order.

Khái Niệm (The Concept)

In Korean, particles are small words attached to nouns to show their grammatical function:

• 이/가 = marks the subject (the one doing the action)

Examples

Example 1: Subject marker with 가다 (go)

나가 학교에 가요.
(I go to school.)

나  = I
가  = subject marker
학교 = school
에   = location particle
가요 = go (casual polite)

Example 2: Subject marker with 있다 (exist/have)

고양이가 예뻐요.
(The cat is pretty.)

고양이 = cat
가    = subject marker
예뻐요 = (is) pretty

Quy Tắc (Rules)

Rule 1: Choose the particle based on the final sound of the noun

• If the noun ends in a consonant: use 이
  • Example: 책이 있어요 (There's a book.)
• If the noun ends in a vowel: use 가
  • Example: 나가 간다 (I go.) or 고양이가 있어요 (A cat exists.)

Rule 2: The particle is attached directly to the noun

Subject Noun + 이/가 + Rest of Sentence

나 (I/vowel) → 나가
책 (book/consonant) → 책이
학생 (student/consonant) → 학생이

Thực Hành (Practice)

Practice 1: Identify the subject

1. 누가 학교에 가요? → Who goes to school?

   • Answer: 나가 학교에 가요 (I go.)

2. 누가 밥을 먹어요? → Who eats rice?

   • Answer: 내 친구가 밥을 먹어요 (My friend eats.)

Practice 2: Choose the correct particle

1. 나____ (은/가?) 학생입니다. → I am a student.

   • Correct: 나가 학생입니다. (나 ends in vowel → 가)

2. 책____ (이/가?) 있어요. → There's a book.

   • Correct: 책이 있어요. (책 ends in consonant → 이)

흔한 실수 (Common Vietnamese Learner Errors)

❌ Mistake 1: Confusing with 은/는 (topic marker)

• WRONG: 나는 학교에 가요... wait, what's the particle doing?
• CORRECT: 나가 학교에 가요. (I [subject] go to school.)

❌ Mistake 2: Forgetting the particle entirely

• WRONG: 나 학교에 가요. (Sounds incomplete to Korean speakers)
• CORRECT: 나가 학교에 가요.

어휘 (Vocabulary)

퀴즈 (Quiz)

요약 (Summary)

The subject particle 이/가 marks who or what does the action in a Korean sentence. This is one of the most fundamental Korean grammar concepts and is essential for understanding Korean grammar structure.

Next lesson: We'll learn the object marker 을/를 to complete the basic particle system.